A dimensional system in DSM-5 Section III that rates personality disorders by level of self/interpersonal impairment plus pathological traits (e.g. antagonism, detachment, negative affectivity) instead of a yes/no checklist. Widely used in research.
Instead of "has NPD: yes/no," it asks how impaired identity and empathy are, and how strongly traits like grandiosity and manipulativeness show up — a spectrum, not a switch.